Disposed of By Type? Smart Waste Management Solution

Smart waste management is one of the core tasks within smart cities, i.e. those urban areas in which innovative technologies and data-driven solutions are used. They aim to improve the quality of life of residents, minimize environmental impact, and use resources more efficiently. 

Conserving resources is not just about recycling, but also about innovative approaches to collecting waste and then disposing of or processing it in the best possible way. One of the most important components of smart cities is therefore the introduction of efficient waste collection systems. In addition, from May 1, 2025, at the latest, waste from organic waste bins delivered for composting or fermentation in Germany may only contain a maximum of 3% percent by weight of foreign matter when delivered.

The German company c-trace GmbH meets this challenge with its AI solution c-detect. The industry specialist for IT solutions for all aspects of waste disposal logistics specializes in telematics solutions for the trouble-free collection of organic waste from households. The purer the biowaste is delivered, the lower the effort and costs for the removal of foreign matter. In addition, the quantity and quality of compostable biowaste is increasing and with it the marketable end product, which has developed into an important raw material over time. The company has developed the first artificial intelligence (AI)-based system for detecting impurities during organic waste collection to ensure the highest possible purity of organic waste for further processing.

IDS Cameras: Reliable Eyes of Refuse Collection vehicles

"Contaminants in biowaste, especially plastics, cause high costs and make recycling time-consuming or even impossible," explains c-trace sales engineer Jan Birkhold.

The c-detect computer vision system combines the system house's intelligent software with extremely robust and powerful uEye FA industrial cameras from IDS to view the contents of the organic waste bin using either "TopView" or "InsideView".

With the help of two cameras per system variant, c-trace can use object detection to identify all relevant types of materials and objects that have no place in biowaste. It detects trained contaminants such as plastic bags or metals and will also be able to distinguish between normal and biodegradable plastic bags in the future. Both static image recordings (TopView) and dynamic image recordings in the pouring process (InsideView) are recognized, processed, and documented via image verification.

The content is immediately evaluated in the vehicle using trained artificial intelligence. The analysis of the detection can be tracked in real time directly in the vehicle via a powerful AI onboard computer and the associated c-ident touch board. In the event of detection, an evidence photo is saved and automatically forwarded for analysis.

The TopView variant utilizes the view from above into each organic waste bin. For this purpose, two cameras are installed at the rear of the collection vehicle, above the bulk material. As soon as the system recognizes impurities on the surface of the open organic waste container, the waste collection vehicle's dumping process is automatically stopped.

"Thanks to the configurability of the system, it is possible to set the impurities for which the system should respond, depending on the degree of contamination," explains Jan Birkhold. "As soon as impurities are detected in the container, it is left unemptied so that the impurities do not enter the collection process."

The InsideView variant, on the other hand, uses two cameras in the pouring chamber. They are directed at the side of the bins and record images of the waste with high resolution and frame rate during the emptying process. If there are any foreign substances under the surface, these are also detected and documented when the container is emptied. The system also triggers an optical signal on the InsideView directly on the waste collection vehicle so that the refuse collector can provide the citizen with a sorting notice for the contaminated container. In addition, the recorded image evidence offers the possibility of repeatedly contaminated and emptied containers being billed to the citizen as more expensive residual waste emptying to involve him directly in the higher disposal costs. A combination of both variants is also possible. In this case, up to four IDS cameras on the collection vehicle take over the automatic control.

The vehicle data record is transferred with the corresponding image, GPS coordinates, and transponder number in real time to the waste disposal company and the client (district or city) in the c-ware AIR software for evaluation or direct complaint processing.

"Fast image processing is particularly important here. We were looking for a network-compatible, high-resolution camera that can be programmed independently," says Jan Birkhold, explaining the choice of camera model. Other decisive criteria included size, automatic exposure setting, protection class, robustness, and stability in camera operation.

The GigE Vision IDS camera, which c-trace utilizes, is equipped with the compact 2/3 inch global shutter CMOS sensor IMX264 from Sony and ensures outstanding image quality, light sensitivity, and an exceptionally high dynamic range. It has an internal 120 MB image memory and delivers virtually noise-free, high-contrast 5 MP images in 5:4 format at 22 fps, making it ideal for applications such as these with fluctuating lighting conditions. The IP65/67 protection class protects against dirt, dust, and splash water which is a must for use on refuse collection vehicles.

Another advantage of the integrated IDS cameras is their easy integration thanks to IDS peak.

"Our developers benefit from the network compatibility, support for the C++ programming language, and a large number of features within the programming environment," says Jan Birkhold. 

The data collected enables the biowaste to be reliably allocated to the respective bin or waste producer. Corresponding heat maps can be generated using the GPS coordinates.

"Our customers use RFID transponders, which guarantee extremely high read rates and make the bins unmistakable, enabling direct allocation of the emptied bins to the citizen," explains Jan Birkhold.

All data can be viewed in real time and subsequently analyzed. The inspection and evaluation of organic waste not only serves to sensitize the population to the need to dispose of unmixed organic waste but also as a basis for decisions on material flow management. The separate processing of heavily soiled batches is controlled in a targeted manner, which reduces the processing technology and operating costs of disposal.

"The uEye FA cameras become the unwavering eyes of refuse collection vehicles and support c-trace customers in improving the quality of biowaste," says IDS Managing Director Jan Hartmann, delighted with the resource-saving use of the IDS cameras.

The AI-based software from c-trace learns continuously and thus constantly improves sorting purity and recycling rates. Together, the two components ensure the minimization of residual waste, targeted material flow management, fewer microplastics in compost, and, last but not least, greater recycling awareness among the population.

"The use of c-detect enables local authorities to document and analyze contaminants in biowaste sustainably, cost-effectively, and effectively and to take appropriate measures to meet the increasing requirements of the biowaste ordinance," emphasizes Jan Birkhold.

"For cities and municipalities, it is increasingly about improving material cycles and flows at regional and local level," adds Jan Hartmann. "This optimization of regional material cycles can lead to considerable resource conservation, and image processing technology can make an important contribution to this."

Outlook

For greater efficiency and sustainability, a camera system is to be used in the future that will take event-related, data protection-compliant video recordings of not-provided waste containers in a defined radius of the expected container location on the collection vehicle. The c-gap vehicle system only records video footage if a transponder on a collection day's order route is not read by the identification system, as it is then assumed that a container has not been provided. This allows specific proof to be provided as to whether or not a complaint or subsequent journey for a container that has not been emptied is justified. The c-gap solution can save many kilometers and costs for waste disposal companies.

This shows promising approaches that AI already offers smart cities for the development of waste management and how it can support the necessary change. Districts, cities, municipalities, and waste management companies must increasingly address this issue to meet the challenges of the future and work even more efficiently and in a way that conserves resources.