In today’s industrial automation field, robots handle difficult, dangerous, and repeated tasks. These jobs include the lifting of heavy objects, picking and placing of parts, assembly of components or assisting manual labor in sorting products.
Robots can be grouped into several categories depending on their movement, degrees of freedom, axes of rotation, and function.
Stationary Robots
Stationary robots are those that perform their task without changing positions. The term “stationary” is more associated with the base of the robot than the whole robot. The robot moves above the base to perform the desired operation. These robots manipulate their environment by controlling the position and orientation of an end-effector. End-effectors could be a drilling, welding or gripper device.
Stationary robots break down into different groups:
Cartesian/Gantry Robots
Cartesian, or gantry, robots (also known as rectilinear robots) have three linear joints that use the Cartesian coordinate system. They operate within the x, y, and z-axis by using linear guide rails. These guide rails help translate the end-effector into the correct position by moving each linear guide rail in the corresponding axis.
These robots are typically used for pick-and-place work, application of sealant, assembly operations or handling machine tools & arc welding.
Cylindrical Robots
The cylindrical robot has a rotary joint along the joint axis for rotation movement and a prismatic joint for linear motion.
A cylindrical robot has at least one rotary joint at the base and at least one prismatic joint to connect the links. Along the joint axis, the rotary joint uses a rotational motion; along the prismatic joint, it moves in a linear motion. Their movements occur within a cylindrical-shaped work envelope. Cylindrical robots are used for assembly operations, handling of machine tools and die-cast machines, and spot welding.
Spherical Robots
With its combined rotational joint, two rotary joints, and a linear joint, the spherical robot operates in the polar coordinate system to achieve a spherical-shaped work envelope.
These are also known as polar robots. The arm is connected to the base with a twisting joint and has a combination of two rotary joints and one linear joint. The axes of the combined joints form a polar coordinate system and operate within a spherical-shaped work envelope.
These robots are used for handling machine tools, spot welding, die casting, fettling machines, and gas & arc welding.
SCARA Robots
A SCARA robot is mainly used in assembly applications due to the nature of its movements, such as jobs that require drilling or tapping assemblies.
SCARA robots are primarily used for assembly applications. The compliant arm, which is cylindrical in design, is comprised of two parallel joints that provide it with compliance in one selected plane. These robots are used for pick-and-place work, application of sealant, assembly operations, and handling of machine tools.
Robotic Arms
Robotic arms are some of the most common robots used in manufacturing today. They are essential to assembly operations that require heavy lifting or dangerous movements.
Robotic arms, or articulated robots, feature rotary joints that can range from a simple two-joint structure to a complicated structure with 10 or more joints. The arm is connected to a base that has a twisting joint. Rotary joints connect the links in the arm; each joint is a different axis and provides an additional degree of freedom. Industrial robotic arms have four or six axes. Such robots are primarily used for assembly operations, die-casting, fettling machines, gas & arc welding, and applying paint.
Parallel Robots
Parallel or delta robots are used often in pick-and-place operations such as drug- and food-sorting jobs.
Parallel robots are also known as delta robots. They are built from jointed parallelograms connected to a common base. The parallelograms move a single end of arm tooling in a dome-shaped envelope. They are used primarily in the food, pharmaceutical, and electronic industries. The robot itself is capable of precise movement, making it ideal for pick-and-place operations.
Wheeled Robots
Wheeled robots are vehicle-based and change their position with the help of a drive system or track system. Such robots are easy to construct mechanically and they have a low associated cost. Easy to move around, these robots operate in different environments and come in various forms, including single, two, three, four, and multi-wheeled, along with tracked.
An example of a wheeled robot is the ARTI tracked robotics platform developed by Transcend Robotics. Targeted at unmanned ground vehicle operation, the design can handle a large variety of loads and scale most terrain, thanks to its patented Safeguard Joints. The joints help stabilize the platform over difficult terrain, ensuring that it is able to climb steps without flipping over. It can be used in uneven terrain, as well as to transport equipment in a warehouse or office building. The robot is customizable, meaning users can add sensors, robotic arms, or different payloads to complete a task.
Legged Robots
Legged robots are also mobile robots, but with more complicated movement. The robots feature motorized leg appendages to control their locomotion, allowing them to perform effectively on uneven ground. These robots tend to cost more, though, due to their complexity.
Varieties of legged robots include one-legged, two-legged/bipedal (humanoids), three-legged/tri-pedal, four-legged/quadrupedal, six-legged (six-legged hexapod), and robots with many legs.
The DRC-Hubo robot is an example of a legged robot. It was a first-place finalist in the DARPA Robotics Challenge in 2015. Hubo was required to perform complex tasks such as driving a car, cutting holes into walls, opening doors, and negotiating difficult and uneven terrain. The robot operates on two legs, but benefits from being able to use rollers built into the knees. This feature helped Hubo complete the required competition tasks in the shortest time.
Animal-Based, Swarm, and Modular Robots
Festo designs these robotic animals in the hopes that animal-like movements can be replicated using modern automation practices. By taking this route, Festo is learning how to apply nature's mechanics in everyday engineering.
Several robot designs are based on animal movement. Robots that can either swim or fly are inspired by fish and birds. Robots created by Festo exemplify this trend—they help in the study of how to use nature’s natural mechanics in current automation.
The Kilobots are a perfect example of swarm collaborative robots. They were created in the lab of Radhika Nagpal, the Fred Kavli professor of computer science at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS).
Swarm and modular robots are comprised of a series of robots. Swarm robots consist of multiple smaller robots that operate as cooperative modules. However, they do not create a single united robot. Modular robots also feature multiple robots and are more functional than a robotic swarm. A single module can have self-mobility and operate alone. Modular robots are useful for jobs that require significant coverage due to their versatile configurations.
