For EU and U.S. industries, process heating and steam production are significant sources of energy use, and at many industrial sites boilers can account for up to 60% of energy costs. Process heating is usually from steam, which is used to increase the temperature in a process vessel.
Due to the threat of global warming as well as international commitments to the Paris Accord on Climate Change, industrial processors in Europe and North America are tasked with significantly reducing their environmental footprint in record time.
In response, last year the 27-nation European Union (EU) agreed to cut greenhouse gas carbon emissions by 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. According to a recent report that has tracked the EU's power sector since 2015, renewables surpassed fossil fuels last year (38 to 37%), indicating that the industry is already pivoting away from carbon emissions.
Even the U.S., which recently rejoined the Paris Agreement, has targets for American businesses to achieve a carbon pollution-free power sector by 2035 and a net-zero economy by 2050.
While the interest of industry in electric boilers for process heating and steam production has waxed and waned in the last century, suddenly it is in vogue again. Whether to honor Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) goals, meet regulatory commitments, or take advantage of government credits and incentives, a growing number of industrial facilities are installing new or retrofit high-voltage electrode boilers that are compact, economical, and produce no emissions.
This is, in part, due to technological advances in electric boiler design that increase the output to a level that rivals even large gas or oil-fired boilers. When process heating is used to raise process vessel temperature, electric-powered alternatives are sure to be a critical piece of the puzzle in meeting future emission reduction goals.
Transitioning from High-Emission Gas and Oil-Fired Boilers
In industrial processing, besides the notorious greenhouse gasses carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), natural gas-fired boilers and furnaces emit dangerous nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM).
However, many industrial process engineers familiar with gas-fired boilers mistakenly believe that electric boilers cannot match the output of the traditional, fossil fuel burning units. Due to considerable advances in electric boiler technology, that is far from the case. Today, such technology can match the capacity of large gas or oil-fired boilers in a much smaller footprint.
Electric boilers use the conductive and resistive properties of water to carry electric current and generate steam. An AC current flows from an electrode of one phase to ground using the water as a conductor. Since chemicals in the water provide conductivity, the current flow generates heat directly in the water itself. The more current (Amps) that flows, the more heat (BTUs) is generated, and the more steam produced. Crucially, almost 100% of the electrical energy is converted into heat with no stack or heat transfer losses.
As an example, the electrodes of the CEJS High Voltage Electrode Steam Boiler by Acme, a Canada-based manufacturer of industrial and commercial boilers, are vertically mounted around the inside of the pressure vessel. This enables the unit to produce maximum amounts of steam in a minimum amount of floor space, with boiler capacity from 6 to 52 MW.
The boiler operates at existing distribution voltages, 4.16 to 25 kV with up to 99.9% efficiency, and can produce up to 170,000 lb. of steam per hour. With pressure ratings from 105 to 500 psig, the boilers are designed to ASME Section 1, and are certified, registered pressure vessels at the location of the boiler.
“There is an entire generation of industrial process engineers that grew up with oil and gas-fired boilers almost exclusively,” says Robert Presser, Vice President of Acme Engineering, which, along with North American facilities, builds in Europe to European standards and has a network of CE-compliant fabricators for the pressure vessel, as well as partners in France and the UK for local equipment assembly.
“As a result of preconceived notions, most view electric boilers as small underpowered units, like a hot water heater,” adds Presser. “So, we frequently have to educate engineers that there is electric boiler technology that can match the capacity of large gas or oil-fired boilers available.”
According to Presser, high-capacity electric boilers are well suited to heat process water.
The electric boilers have several advantages compared to oil or gas-fired boilers, including superior safety, ease of installation, faster start-up and shut-down time, and quiet operation. Electric boilers do not have a high minimum operating level to make them immediately available.
“Electric boilers do not need an operator because if anything goes wrong, the breaker trips, preventing further escalation of the issue,” says Presser. “With gas burning boilers, however, any gas leak can increase the risk of an explosion. So, gas units must usually be continually monitored or periodically inspected.” He notes that state and municipal safety guidelines vary depending on boiler type and the expected frequency of inspection.
With electric boilers, the energy input, as well as adjustment, is also precise and virtually immediate. In contrast, increasing or decreasing the temperature in a gas-fired boiler is a slower process because it takes time for the heat in the boiler to rise or dissipate before reaching the targeted output.
The electric units are also exceptionally quiet compared to fuel-fired boilers. “Unlike gas-powered burners that throttle like turbine engines almost continually, electric boilers keep operational noise levels down,” says Presser. “Because the loudest boiler component is a circulating pump motor, it is easy to have a conversation next to one without having to raise your voice.”
As the EU and the U.S. resolve to dramatically cut their greenhouse gases to combat climate change, the urgency for industry to similarly reduce their carbon emissions for process heating will only grow. In this battle to protect the environment before the global climate hits an irreversible tipping point, industry along with the government must do their part. Fortunately, advanced, zero-emission electric boiler technology can be a readily implementable part of the solution.
For more info, contact Robert Presser at Acme Engineering at e-mail: [email protected]; phone: 888 880-5323; or web: https://acmeprod.com/high-voltage-electrode-steam-boiler/
